2001: Higher Diploma in Translation (English/Arabic), The Translation and Arabicization Unit, University of Khartoum, Sudan. 1998: Ph. D. in Electrical Engineering, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Title of Thesis: Arabic Speech Recognition Using Hidden Markov Models. 1993: M. Sc. in Electrical Engineering, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Title of Thesis: On Obtaining Parameters For A Model Of Arabic Speech Production. 1982: B.Sc. in Electronics and Telecommunications, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt 1977: Secondary School Certificate, Cairo,